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If you’re new to business, you may hear a lot of words and phrases that you do not know and that are not well (or are not) defined in a standard dictionary. Our business terms glossary will explain some of the meanings of the most commonly used business terms.
If you are a Premium member or an FC Insider, you know that many key business terms are used throughout our programs and other resources (e.g. books). While they are sometimes explained when they are used, this page is intended to capture most of the common business terms as well as their definitions in one location for ease of reference.
Our glossary of business terms provides definitions for common terminology and acronyms in business plans, finance, consulting case interviews, accounting, and other aspects of a small, medium and large business. We hope you will find this helpful and we will continue to add to this page as we think of more business terms to include.
Here are some of the fundamental business terms you should know. Business terms that we felt were especially important to know are marked with “key business terms to know.”
Also called trade credit and refers to funds payable to suppliers. It refers to situations when suppliers provide their products and services on credit. Suppliers usually extend interest free credit for 30, 60 or 90 days.
This is the amount of money your customers or clients owe your organization for goods or services you supplied to them. This total value can give you a snapshot of the amount owed to your business by customers/clients at a given time.
Accrual basis accounting is an accounting method that recognizes transactions as they occur and not as cash actually received or paid out. This is in comparison to cash basis accounting, when transactions are recorded based on when cash inflow or cash outflow actually occurred.
Net present value is one of the most important business terms you need to know (see below). If we would like to compare projects which are mutually exclusive and which have unequal duration, we need to use the Annualized Net Present Value (ANPV) technique. ANPV is the most efficient technique to convert NPVs of projects with unequal duration into an annualized net present value (NPV). To find ANPV, the following calculation must be made:
1 – Find NPVs for each project
2 – Divide NPV of each project by PVIFAr,n (Present value interest factor for an annuity) at the project’s required cost of capital and number of periods. The amount for PVIFAr,n can be found in financial tables or by the use of the equation.
3 – The project with higher NPV is preferred.
4 – Alternatively, it can be found with the help of a financial calculator:
PV – use NPV
N – number of periods over the duration of the project (e.g. number of years)
I – required cost of capital (e.g. 10%)
Find PMT – this will be ANPV
Also one of the most important business terms to know. Equal and periodic cash flows over specific periods.
Key business terms include many accounting terms. This one is one of the key accounting terms. An asset is any tangible or intangible economic resource that a company or individual possesses and which can be used to cover the individual’s or company’s debt. For example, in case of an individual, retirement savings and stocks are examples of assets. In case of a company, fully owned equipment and buildings are examples of assets.
Refers to working with a third party who is marketing your service or product in excahge for commission on sales.
Refers to debt which is uncollectible. An account is written off as bad debt after the company uses all means available to try to recover all or at least part of this debt. Generally, companies account for an estimated amount of bad debt by providing a bad debt allowance which is calculated based on prior bad debts (for example, bad debts written off during the prior financial period).
The balance sheet, along with income statement and cash flow statement, is a key financial statement and provides a snapshot of business assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at a given point in time.
Refers to the index which measures non-diversifiable risk (risk which the company cannot eliminate through diversification). It indicates how an asset’s return will react to the market return, which in turn shows the return on the portfolio of all securities in the market.
Refers to the total cost of the asset (cost of the asset at the time it was purchased + installation cost) less accumulated depreciation. Also one of the key business terms to know.
Generally refers to a situation when something is accomplished due to own initiative and without external help. In entrepreneurship, a bootstrapping or bootstrap financing, refers to a situation when the entrepreneur uses his or her initiative to find capital or use capital more efficiently to survive.
It includes minimization of the company’s investments and refers to such situations as leasing instead of buying, adapting just-in-time inventory system, operating the business from home, obtaining free publicity instead of paying for advertising and using other people’s resources as much as possible. Other examples of bootstrap financing include factoring and trade credit.
Factoring refers to a situation when the business sells its accounts receivable to factor or another financial institution at a discount rate. Factor refers to the financial institution which the business uses to purchase accounts receivable from other companies. Trade credit refers to situations when suppliers provide their products and services on credit. Suppliers usually extend interest free credit for 30, 60 or 90 days.
Finance term. This refers to the minimum cash inflow that is required for the project to be acceptable.
Finance term. Is the point of total new financing at which the cost of one of the components of total financing rises. For example, if a business used up all retained earnings to issue common stock and it still requires more financing, it may issue new common stock.
The cost of new common stock is higher due to under pricing and flotation costs. Therefore, the cost of one of the financing components rises and consequently, WACC also rises. The point at which the cost of one of the components rises is called a break point.
To find the break point for a particular financing source, we need to take the amount of funds available from financing the source at a given cost and divide it by the capital structure weight for the financing source.
For example, assume that when the business uses up $100,000 of its long-term debt, it will have to use more expensive sources of financing. The weight of long-term debt as a source of capital is 40%. To find the break point we take 100,000 and divide it by 0.4. We end up with $250,000, which is the break point.
Are also referred to as informal venture capital. It refers to wealthy private individuals who invest in the firms in their individual capacity. A very small percentage of start ups manage to get such funding. Therefore, entrepreneurs should have other options available as well.
Finance term. Is the chance that the firm will not be able to cover its operating costs.
B2B refers to business to business and B2C refers to business to consumer. If your organization sells goods or services to businesses it is B2B. If your organization sells goods or services directly to consumers (individuals) it is B2C.
Shows the relationship between required return and non-diversifiable risk which is measured by the beta coefficient (b). The Beta coefficient (b) refers to the index which measures non-diversifiable risk (risk which the company cannot eliminate through diversification). It indicates how an asset’s return will react to the market return, which in turn shows the return on the portfolio of all securities in the market.
To calculate CAPM, we need to know the formula. The formula is as follows:
rs= Rf+(b*(rm-Rf)
Where rs is required return, Rf is risk free rate (e.g. rate on the U.S. Treasury bill), b is beta coefficient and rm is market return.
For example, if Rf rate is 5%, beta is 2 and market return (rm) is 12%, the rs (required return or cost of the common stock) can be found as follows: Rs=5 %+( 2*(12%-5%)) Rs=19%
CAPM is one of the key business terms to know.
Refers to analyzing and selecting long-term investments (capital expenditure) with the goal of maximizing shareholder’s wealth.
Is the investments which are expected to bring benefits over a period of time which is longer than one year. This is in comparison to operating expenditure which refers to investment which is expected to generate benefits over a period of less than or within one year.
Capital expenditure is one of the key business terms to know.
Occurs when an asset is sold for more than its book value, then any value above the original total cost of the asset is referred to as the capital gain. Any value above the book value and up to original total cost of the asset is called the recaptured depreciation.
Occurs when a firm has a limited amount of funds. Under capital rationing, the business will select a portfolio of projects with the highest NPV and which does not exceed the allocated budget. There are two commonly used techniques to select projects under capital rationing, net present value approach (NPV) and the internal rate of return approach (IRR).
Is an accounting method which recognizes transactions when the cash inflow or cash outflow actually occurred. This is in comparison to accrual basis accounting which is an accounting method which recognizes transactions as they occurred and not as cash actually received or paid out.
Cash flow refers to the movement of money in and out of your organization. You want inflow of cash to always be greater than outflow of cash. This is referred to as positive cash flow.
Occurs when the outcome is 100% going to happen as expected. For example, there is almost 100% certainty that the sun will rise the next day.
Change in net working capital is calculated as:
the change in current assets (e.g. accounts receivable and inventories)
less change in current liabilities (e.g. accounts payable and accruals).
If the net working capital increases, (change (increase) in current assets is larger than the change (increase) in current liabilities) than we treat it as outflow and add it to the initial investment amount in the calculation of the initial cash outflow.
This is occurs because the company’s investment in current assets increased due to the project. Therefore, it is an additional outflow. If, however, the change (increase) in current liabilities was higher than the change (increase) in current assets then we subtract this change in net working capital from the initial investment amount in calculating the initial investment (outflow at time zero). Commonly, there is an increase in net working capital rather than decrease.
When we calculate the terminal cash flow, we reverse the change in net working capital which was taken into account during the calculation of the initial cash flow. If there was an increase in net working capital at the beginning of the project than we see it as an inflow when calculating the terminal cash flow and vice versa. In other words, if there was an outflow due to a change in net working capital at the beginning of the project than we reverse it by adding it back during calculation of the terminal cash flow.
Please see Gordon model.
Refers to the situation where the initial outflow is followed only by inflows.
Originated from the word “weblog” (weblog), as coined by Jorn Barger in 1997. Corporate blogs are a communication and public relations tool that organizations can use. It is presented in the form of an online diary which is presented in the reverse chronological order. Corporate blogs can be internal, where the target audience is internal stakeholders such as employees and shareholders of the organization. It can also be external, where the target audience is external stakeholders of the organization such as customers and suppliers.
One of the key benefits of corporate blogging is search engine traffic it generates (e.g. traffic from google). This is called content marketing.
Was defined by Ehlers and Lazenby (2004:49) in the narrow sense as the formal system of accountability of the board of directors to shareholders and in the broad sense as an informal and formal relationship between the corporate sector and its stakeholders and the impact of the corporate sector on society.
Is the required return the business needs to earn on its investments (capital budgeting projects) to maintain the market value of the firm’s shares and to attract funds. It is a measure used to determine whether or not certain project will decrease or increase a firm’s value in the market place and, consequently, whether or not it should be recommended.
If NPV is more than zero and IRR is greater than the cost of capital than a proposed project will increase the market value of the firm and it should be recommended. If, however, NPV is less than zero and the IRR is lower than the cost of capital, then a proposed project will decrease the market value of the firm and it should not be recommended.
Therefore, if a firm’s risk is assumed to be constant, than any projects with the rate of return higher than the cost of capital will increase the market value of the firm and any project with the rate of return below the firm’s cost of capital will decrease market value of the firm.
Is such a profile which includes vital information about the customer such as demographic variables, preferences, transaction history, customers’ response to different marketing methods and needs of customers.
Depreciation is an accounting and tax concept used to estimate the loss of value of assets over time. For example, factory equipment depreciates with use.
Diversification is a product-market strategy that involves the development or acquisition of offerings that are new to the organization. It also involves the introduction of those offerings to the target markets which were not previously served by the organization. For example, a mining company may consider expanding into bottling water business to diversify (actual client situation from my management consulting days).
Helps to compare different alternatives (the third stage of the consumer decision-making process). In this process, the consumer selects evaluative criteria which are variables the consumer uses to compare one brand against another.
Refers to the set of brands that consumer is willing to consider to purchase during the consumer decision-making process.
Expenses refer to the money you spend or an organization spends to operate a business. For example, expenditures for equipment, marketing, and inventory. Legitimate expenses, including for self-employed individuals, are tax-deductible.
Refers to the financial institution which purchase accounts receivable from other companies.
Refers to the situation when the business sells its accounts receivable to factor or other financial institution at a discount rate.
Is the chance that the firm will not be able to meet its financial obligations.
Capital – enterprise’s position with regards to debt versus equity
Collateral – whether or not the entrepreneur has assets that can be sold to cover the debt
Character – borrower’s history of meeting obligations
Capacity – ability to repay the loan judged by such indicators as projected cash flows
Conditions – conditions surrounding this particular lending opportunity such as market conditions and transaction conditions
(Finance term) Is the complete cost a company has to incur to issue and sell a security, such as bonds. It consists of underwriting costs, which are payments to investment bankers for their services, and administrative costs, which are costs other than the underwriting costs of issuing bonds. Flotation costs reduce a company’s net proceeds form issuing securities, such as bonds.
Is one of the models used in dividend valuation. It is very simple as long as one knows the formula, which is: P0=D1/rs-g
Where:
P0 is price of the stock
D1 is dividend to be paid in the next period (found by taking D0 (current dividend) multiplied by (1+g)
rs is required return
g is the constant growth rate
However, when one is looking for the cost of common stock, the formula needs to be rearranged as follows: rs = D1/Po + g.
Sometimes it is necessary to find the growth rate (g) first. To do so, we need to take the following steps. We need to find out what were the dividends applicable to the common stock over the last few years (this information will be given).
For example:
2010 – $4
2009 – 3.96
2008 – 3.76
2007 – 3.27
2006 – 3.25
2005 – 3
Now, with the use of the financial calculator, we can calculate the growth rate as follows:
PV – -3 FV – 4 N – 5
Find I – it will be 5.92%
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Refera to the additional cash flows anticipated from the proposed project.
Are projects independent of one another. The outcome of one project does not affect the other.
The definition can be found under business angels.
Refers to the cash outflow at the beginning of the project and is calculated by taking the total cost of the new asset (cost plus all expenses required to make asset operational), subtracting after tax proceeds from the sale of the old assets and adding or subtracting the change in net working capital.
Refers to the entire infrastructure which allows otherwise incompatible individual computers to communicate with each other, regardless of where they are located. Basically, Internet refers to all computers, telephone or cable lines and network cables that make it possible for any computer to communicate with any other computer, as long as they are connected to the internet.
Is a graph with business investment opportunities ranked based on their returns and financing required, arranged from highest returns and all the way to the lowest returns. It is the decreasing function of the level of total financing.
If we combine the weighted marginal cost of capital (WMCC) schedule and investment opportunities schedule (IOS), we can use it to make investment decisions. The rule is to invest in projects up to the point on the graph where the marginal return from investment equals its weighted marginal cost of capital (where IOS=WMCC).
All projects on the left of the point where IOS=WMCC will maximize shareholders’ wealth and all points on the right of the point where IOS=WMCC will decrease shareholders’ wealth. It is important to note the majority of firms stop investing before marginal return from investment equals its weighted marginal cost of capital. Therefore, the majority of businesses prefer the position below capital rationing (optimal investment budget).
Is the rate of return that would equate NPV with zero. If IRR is higher than the cost of capital then the project should be accepted and vice versa. If IRR at least equals the cost of capital then we know that the business will earn at least a rate equal to its cost of capital on this particular project.
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Liability is a legal obligation to pay off debt which arises as a result of a past transaction or event. A liability should, by law, be settled at a specified future period or over a specified period and, possibly, at specified intervals.
On the balance sheet, current liabilities are debts which must be settled within 12 months and non-current liabilities are debts that must be settled at some point in the future which is longer than 12 months.
An example of personal liability can be personal loans that must be repaid to the bank. A company’s liability could include accrued expenses such as wages as well as long-term loans.
Line of credit is a situation when a bank agrees to make money available to the business. The agreement is made for up to a certain amount and is not guaranteed but only in place if the bank has enough funds available. Such an agreement is generally made for a period of 1 year.
These are long-term debt and equity on the balance sheet (left side or the bottom half of the balance sheet) and include long-term debt, preferred stock and common stock equity which include common stock and retained earnings.
Refers to the physical (off-line) environment in which market participants, including each individual business, operate.
Refers to the on-line environment in which market participants, including each individual business, operate.
Shows the return on a portfolio of all securities in the market. Refer to CAPM.
Mixed stream is a stream of unequal cash flows during a specific period with no precise pattern.
Are projects which compete with one another and only one can be selected.
Is the personal assets less personal liabilities of an individual.
Is the proper etiquette in writing and dealing with emails. Netiquette also refers to the proper etiquette when using the Internet.
Net profit is also referred to as the “bottom line.” It is calculated by taking total revenues and subtracting total expenses. This amount is especially important when calculating taxes.
If when total expenses deducted from total revenue you end up with a negative number, it is referred to as net loss.
Is a situation when initial outflow is followed by both inflows and outflows. This is more difficult to analyze.
This is a sophisticated capital budgeting technique. It is determined by finding the present value of cash inflows and then subtracting an initial investment.
NPV =Present value of cash inflows – Initial investment
Are investments with the expected benefit over a period of less than or within one year.
Are cash inflows that could have been earned in case of an alternative employment of the asset. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration when determining incremental cash flows.
Is the tendency for 20% of effort to account for 80% of the impact. For example, when 20% of clients account for 80% of sales revenue.
A technique that determines how long it takes to recover an initial investment by taking into account cash inflows from investment.
If we deal with an annuity (equal periodic cash flows over a specific period) then all we need to do is to divide initial investments by an annuity. However, if we deal with a mixed stream of cash inflows (unequal cash flows during a specific period with no precise pattern) then we need to add up cash flows until the initial investment is recovered.
Management needs to subjectively determine the maximum payback period and projects are evaluated according to this maximum payback period. If the project’s payback period is below maximum then the project is accepted and vice versa.
The tendency of people to perceive dissimilar objects as members of the same category. It can be used to the business’s advantage. For example, if a start-up introduces its brand to the market it will be helpful to make a product look similar to the same product sold by successful brands. In this way, consumers can easier perceive it as another alternative during the consumer decision-making process.
It generally means financing long-term fixed assets, such as a factory. If a pay-off from the asset is over the long-term period (over 1 year), the long-term sources of finance should be used. For example, if a long-term debt is used then the business can be more confident that the money will be available to cover obligations that come due.
The method used to prepare pro forma statements. In this method, each entry in the income statement and balance sheet is expressed as a percentage of sales, usually based on the figures from the previous year.
For example, to find the cost of goods as a percentage of sales, based on the figures in the previous year, a company needs to take the cost of goods sold in the previous year (which can be found in the income statement) and divide it by sales (which is also found in the income statement for the previous financial period).
Then a sales forecast is developed for the next financial period and used as a base for establishing values for the pro forma income statement and balance sheet. All that is required is to take the projected sales and apply the percentages established in the previous step to estimate figures for pro forma statements.
The shortcoming of this technique is that it assumes that all costs are variable. However, some of the costs are fixed. Therefore, when sales are increasing, profit will be understated, since the company does not take into account the benefit of fixed costs in case of increasing sales. However, if sales are decreasing then the profit will be overstated. This shortcoming can be avoided if costs are divided into fixed and variable when preparing pro forma statements.
A manifestation of the cognitive dissonance. Post-purchase dissonance occurs when customers have doubts or second thoughts regarding whether or not the purchase was a good idea or whether a different product/service would be a better fit. If businesses would like repeat purchases from such costumers, it is helpful to attend to such problems by softening or removing post-purchase dissonance. Adequate return policy can be helpful to correct a problem.
The chance that a certain event will occur. To calculate probability of the outcome we need to take number of occurrences and divide it by total number of possible outcomes. The lowest probability is 0 and the highest is 1.
For example, we can take the number of household fires over certain period in a certain area and divide it by total number of households in the same area. This will give us a probability of fire in the household in this particular area. Another good example is a pack of cards. What is the probability that the red card will be drawn if we have 52 cards in the pack and 26 of them are red and 26 are black? It is 26/52=0.5 (50%).
Refers to the type of decision that one can make about reoccurring activities or situations. Such decisions are made once and used every time the need for such a decision presents itself.
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Is found by taking NPV of an optimistic outcome less NPV of a pessimistic outcome. Range shows us variability between returns. In other words, it is the amount between the highest possible outcome and the lowest possible outcome,
Occurs if an asset is sold for more than its book value. In such case any value above original total cost of the asset is a capital gain and any value above the book value (see book value) and up to original total cost of the asset is recaptured depreciation.
Is a situation when a bank agrees to make money available to the business. The agreement is made for up to a certain amount and is guaranteed by the bank. A commitment fee of less than 1% of the unused balance is generally charged. Therefore, such an arrangement is generally more expensive for the borrower versus some other alternatives.
Revenue, also called earnings, refers to the income you get from a business activity in a given period of time (e.g. a year). It can be calculated by multiplying the per-unit cost of goods or services by the number of units sold.
Return on Investment, also referred to as ROI, shows a gain or a loss on a business investment relative to the amount spent on the investment. It is calculated by dividing net profit by the cost of the investment.
Is the possibility that actual results will differ from desired or expected results. It implies the presence of uncertainty (uncertainty about the occurrence of an event and uncertainty that it will display a particular outcome).
Degree of risk is determined by 2 factors:
1 – How often an event will occur?
2 – What is the probability that particular outcome will occur?
In business, it is generally accepted that as risk increases the expected or required return should also increase. It is not good for business to eliminate all risk because with elimination of risk, profits also suffer. What is needed is effective risk management.
According to Lore and Borodobsky, risk management has 3 dimensions:
1 – Upside management – taking advantage of opportunities where businesses have a very good chance to achieve success.
2 – Downside management – controls must be implemented to prevent or decrease losses due to the operating environment.
3 – Uncertainty management – using techniques and methods to decrease deviations from expected results.
Technique which involves development of the few alternative scenarios and evaluating variability between returns, which can be measured by NPV. For example, we can generate 3 scenarios (optimistic, most likely and pessimistic) and than find NPVs for each of the scenarios. Once we know the NPVs for each scenario, we can find the range. The range here is found by taking NPV of the optimistic outcome less NPV of pessimistic outcome. Range shows us variability between returns.
Is a subset of triple bottom line (also “people, planet, profit” or “the three pillars”). Both refer to the principle according to which enterprises are measured and must report on its economic, social and environmental performances. This is in contrast with the past when only reporting on economic performances (single bottom line) was required.
Are divisions of people into particular groups within society based on such variables as their income, education, social status and wealth.
Is the after-tax cost of using this particular source of capital today.
Includes problem recognition, search for information, and evaluation of alternatives, purchase and post-purchase evaluation. Businesses need to take these stages into account when approaching a customer. The stage of the consumer decision making should influence the way customer is approached.
Are the costs associated with the old asset which was already incurred in the past. Therefore, it should not affect the decision regarding a proposed project and should not be taken into consideration when determining incremental cash flows.
Occurs when the hole is greater than sum of its parts. For example, in terms of math it could be represented as “1+1=3”. In business it means that Company A and B can produce collective profits of $30m. However, if they merged, due to a variety of factors such as cost savings etc, they can increase their profits to $42m. The $12m is the synergy value.
Is the optimal mix of financing (debt and equity) a firm tries to maintain.
Generally used for financing of equipment. The loan generally corresponds to the useful life of the equipment.
Can be found under accounts payable.
Also “people, planet, profit” or “the three pillars.”
Is the principle according to which enterprises are measured and must report on their economic, social and environmental performances. This is in contrast with the past when only reporting on economic performances (single bottom line) was required.
Occurs when one does not have knowledge about future outcomes. Uncertainty is not the same as risk. There are different degrees of uncertainty, from almost certain to completely uncertain. Uncertainty increases the further into the future we attempt to plan. One’s access to information and ability to use available information in the decision making process determines the perceived degree of uncertainty.
Are payments to investment bankers for their services. This can, for example, be incurred by the firm when the business is issuing bonds.
VC Firms raise a fund and select a portfolio of businesses in which to invest. Portfolios generally include start ups and existing businesses. In exchange for investment, venture capital firms obtain partial ownership of the business. Convertible preferred stock or convertible debt is usually preferred because the venture capital firm would like to have a senior claim on assets in case of liquidation but still have an option to convert it to common stock if the business becomes successful.
Is situated on top of the Internet and allows internet users to share information on the Internet by using a URL, which refers to the Uniform Resource Locator. An example of URL is the URL of this website – www.FIRMSconsulting.com. The Web originated from work done by developers Robert Gailiau and Tim Berners-Lee in the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva in 1989.
WACC is a very simple concept. It refers to the weighted cost of both debt and equity financing, according to the firm’s optimal mix of financing (debt and equity).
The formula for WACC (ra) is as follows: Ra=(wi*ri)+(wp*rp)+(ws*rn or rr).
Where wi is a weight for long-term debt, wp is a weight for preferred stock and ws is a weight for common stock.
ri is the cost of long-term debt, rp is the cost of preferred stock, Rn is the cost of the new common stock and rr is the cost of retained earnings.
All sources of capital and their weights must be taken into account.
For example, assume there was a project proposed with a return of 9% and the firm’s debt cost of capital is 7% and equity cost of capital is 12%. Further, if the optimal mix of debt and equity of the firm is 40 percent of debt and 60 percent of equity. Then, the weighted average cost of capital is calculated as follows:
WACC = 7% * .40 + 12% * .60 2.8 + 7.2 = 10%
The WACC is 10%.
Given the information above, the proposed project with potential return of 9% should be rejected as it is below firm’s weighted average cost of capital of 10%. When making investment decisions, businesses must only choose projects which bring higher returns than WACC.
It is WACC applicable to the next dollar of the total new financing. It shows a business’s current cost of financing. WMCC of the next dollar may be different from the WMCC calculated for the last dollar of the total financing due to the fact that as volume of financing increases, the risk also increases and so does the cost of financing and consequently WACC.
WMCC schedules can be constructed by finding all the breakpoints. A WMCC schedule shows the relationship between the level of total new financing and company’s weighted average cost of capital.
If we combine the weighted marginal cost of capital (WMCC) and investment opportunities schedule (IOS) we can use it to make investment decisions. The rule is to invest in projects up to the point on the graph where marginal return from investment equals its weighted marginal cost of capital (where IOS=WMCC).
All projects on the left of the point where IOS=WMCC will maximize shareholders wealth and all points on the right of the point where IOS=WMCC will decrease shareholders’ wealth.
It is important to note that the majority of the firms stop investing before the marginal return from investment equals its weighted marginal cost of capital. Therefore, the majority of businesses prefer a position below capital rationing (optimal investment budget).
This is the capital an organization utilizes in its day-to-day activities. It is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. It provides an indication of a business’s ability to meet its current obligations.
It refers to very hard to find balance in demands of both work and personal life.
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Learning basic business terms is vital to improving your business acumen. Fortunately, you don’t need an MBA or another business degree to master key business terms. This business terms glossary will walk you through the basic business terms so you can start improving your business acumen in an accelerated manner.
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